Research Paper Sample
Elizabeth
Bathory: The Countess of Cachtice
“Countess Elizabeth Bathory checked her reflection in the mirror as
the young servant girl brushed the shining, jet black hair on which she prided
herself. The tiniest lines were
beginning to gather around her eyes and the Countess regarded them with
alarm. The servant girl was annoying her
too, with her clumsy brush-strokes.
Scared that her mistress might fly into one of her rages, the girl
nervously pulled the brush too hard through the long hair. The Countess screamed with rage. Turning on the cowering girl, eyes blazing,
she lashed out, her long nails gouging a deep scratch in the maidservant’s
hand. Enough blood was spilt to splash
her own hand before she banished the girls from her presence with an angry
tirade.
“But a few days later, the Countess noticed that this same patch of
skin seemed to be looking particularly radiant.
She felt a delicious thrill of excitement. Could she have discovered the secret of
eternal youth?”[1]This
event is said to have inspired her downfall into an extreme murder spree and to
have been a catalyst for her most depraved acts. This story is just one of the many myths
about Countess Elizabeth Bathory, who lived in 17th century Hungary.
These included hanging beautiful virgins upside down and slitting their
throats, or “allowing the blood to drain off into a pool in which she bathed.”[2]She
is also accused of being a witch, a werewolf, and a lesbian.
Although none of these stories are likely to be true, the truth is
even more shocking. Not only was able to
kill 650 girls and escape detection for many years, but she also escaped a
trial and an execution. How was she able
to do this? Elizabeth Bathory’s
immensely powerful political ties, the unstable political background in Hungary
in the 17th century, and the legal situation allowed her to be able
to murder more than 650 girls, remain undetected for more than 20 years, and
still did not receive a trial or an execution.
There is substantial proof that she murdered many young women and
got away with it for many years but how or why, is a mystery. Even more
baffling than how Elizabeth covered her tracks is what would influence someone
to do these gruesome murders with absolute disregard to human life. Elizabeth
had extremely negative influences in her childhood that may have led her to
believe that violence towards the peasantry was acceptable.
One such event was when Elizabeth was six years old. At Ecsed, the Bathory family castle, there
were a group of gypsies hired to play music for a party. One of these gypsies was later accused of
selling one of his children to the Turkish enemies; he denied this charge and
explained that the Turks had stolen his daughter. Now being cleared of these charges, the
guards had searched him and found bundles of cash in his pockets, which he
couldn’t explain. The gypsy was judged
guilty at castle Ecsed and sentenced to death.[3] It seems as if they had already wanted to
accuse the gypsy man of something just because of his ethnicity, and because
the Count and Countess’s word will be taken over the gypsy’s about the
truth. They, the Magyars which is the
upper-class Hungarian race, could seemingly accuse someone of a lower class and
a different race of whatever they felt like for any reason.
The gypsy’s sentence was carried out as follows: Three soldiers
split open the abdomen of a horse; they shoved the gypsy inside with his head
sticking out of the horse. Then they
sowed the stomach of the dead horse back up. In Elizabeth’s diary she talks about how after
her disgust at the smell of the dying man and horse she actually giggled at the
incident[4]
Perhaps she had already been taught that peasants were less than human and had
witnessed others of her class utilize severe violence towards the lower
classes, which in this case was the gypsies. Another instance of Elizabeth’s
family being extremely cruel towards the peasantry was with her cousin, Stephen
the prince of Transylvania. When the
peasants of Transylvania revolted, Stephen had the ears and noses cut off of 54
of them.[5]
Seeing this kind of behavior from one’s own family could definitely influence a
child to believe that violence was commonplace.
After being engaged to Ferenc Nadasdy, Elizabeth had another experience
that would influence her for the rest of her life. Elizabeth had moved into her future mother-in
law, Ursula’s castle. There Elizabeth
was impregnated by a peasant lover.
Ursula quickly made arrangements for Elizabeth to be taken to a Bathory
castle in the countryside to have her baby in secret. All the while Ursula told everyone that
Elizabeth was sick. After giving birth
to her daughter, Elizabeth was forced to give her up to a peasant family, who
would raise her. This event must have
caused Elizabeth serious embarrassment, if it didn’t completely derail
her. The simple fact of having been
impregnated by some of the peasant class, especially when she came from the
most prominent family in Hungary must have been extremely embarrassing. Then having to give her daughter up for a
peasant family to care for could also be linked to her hatred of the peasants.[6]
It would be useful in order to understand Elizabeth’s treatment of
peasants and how she escaped detection we must first understand the complete
backdrop of Hungary; what kind of an era she lived in and what the laws
were. Before Elizabeth Bathory was born
in 1514, the peasants of Hungary were all obligated to join the military and
fight against the Turkish forces. The
government tried to disband the military right away, once they realized that
they had put all of the serfs together in an army, and given these serfs
weapons. One man, George Dozsa also
realized the potential of this army, and led the army of peasants to revolt
against the feudal lords. Dozsa’s
peasant army was defeated by soldiers under the feudal lords in July.[7]
After this peasant revolt, a
new law called the Tripartitum was instated as a punishment for the
peasants. It meant that peasants could
no longer travel, as they were completely tied to the land they worked. This new law also meant that serfs were
judged to be innocent or guilty of a crime based solely on the lord’s word.[8]
A peasant could leave in theory, but in practice they could be accused of any
crime by the lord and forced to pay for this “crime” with work.[9]
Not only did the laws of Hungary work in Elizabeth’s favor, but so
did the Political atmosphere. The political station of Hungary in the 17th
century was extremely shaky. After the Hungarians are defeated by the Turks at
the Battle of Mohacs, Hungary is split into three different areas: Southern
Hungary, Western Hungary, and Transylvania.
Southern Hungary is under the “allegiance of the Sultan of
Constantinople,” which implies that it is occupied by the Turks. Western Hungary is under a puppet government
to the Holy Roman Empire. Northern Hungary or Transylvania remains somewhat
independent of the Hapsburgs or the Turks.[10]
Hungary is the closest European nation to the Turkish Empire and
constantly under threat from them. There
were many raids from Turkish invaders and war with the Turks never resided
while Elizabeth was alive. [11]The
brutal war with the Turks also meant that violence and torture were fairly
commonplace. It also meant that people live in constant fear of attack and this
strengthens the powers of those protecting the city. This includes the Countess Bathory who would
have had direct power and responsibility for the villagers in the nearby towns.
The Countess herself had control
over the area surrounding her castle at Cachtice.
With this kind of extreme social power that nobles held and the
instability of Hungary at this time, it is less surprising that Elizabeth
Bathory was able to commit murder without being caught. Elizabeth was a member of the Bathory family,
which was the wealthiest and most powerful family in Hungary. The Lord Palatine
of Hungary, which is “the highest legal authority in Hungary”, was her cousin
by marriage, George Thurzo.[12]
Elizabeth’s most powerful cousin, Stephen Bathory, was king of Poland, and
later became Prince of Transylvania. These close familial ties to powerful
leaders is what allowed Elizabeth’s murder sprees to go unpunished for so
long.
Although the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II may have heard of
Elizabeth’s crimes from the complaints made by the peasants of Cachtice to his
officials, he probably wouldn’t have wanted to make an enemy of the ruling
Prince of Transylvania. Arresting
Elizabeth certainly would have made relations with her cousin Stephen and
therefore, Transylvania, sour.
Much of Elizabeth’s torturing is completely influenced by her
lovers. Elizabeth’s torture of her peasants didn’t begin until after Elizabeth
and Ferenc Nadasdy married. Ferenc had
earned the nickname of “the black night of Hungary” for his viciousness towards
the Turks. He was well-known in the military for the skilled torturing
techniques he used on captured Turkish soldiers. Ferenc spent many afternoons teaching his
wife, Elizabeth, new techniques he had learned.[13]
One technique he showed Elizabeth was called “star kicking.” A maid was forced to undress and honey was
rubbed all over her. Then she was forced
to stay outside for a day, while the bugs and the bees stung her. Often times, the maid would pass out from the
pain, which was seen as a mysterious “falling sickness” to Elizabeth and her
accomplices. In order to cure the
“falling sickness”, the star kicking technique was employed. One of Elizabeth’s accomplices would put a
piece of fire-lit paper between the toes of the passed out maid. The girl would “see stars, and kick” [14]
When her husband was away at war, Elizabeth took out her boredom on
her servants. She was especially harsh
towards servants that tried to escape.
For example, Pola, a 12-year old servant had escaped from the castle.
Dorka, and Helena Jo, two of Elizabeth’s main accomplices, found Pola and
brought her back to the castle.
Elizabeth went into one of her extreme rages. She grabbed Pola and threw her into a cage
that was hauled by a pulley, which Elizabeth had had constructed for this
purpose. The cage had spikes on the
inside, which Pola tried to avoid, but Ficzko maneuvered the ropes to make the
cage move from side to side and “Pola’s flesh was torn to bits.”[15]
After her husband died, Elizabeth found a new lover in Anna
Darvulia, who was a well-known sadist and dabbled in the dark arts. Many of Elizabeth’s other accomplices feared
Darvulia because they believed that she was the catalyst for Elizabeth’s
killing sprees and because Elizabeth took orders from her. Anna Darvulia had also taught Elizabeth many
new torturing techniques. One of these
is called the cold-water technique. This
is where a maid was told to undress and then forced outdoors in the
winter. Cold water was poured over the
maid from above. Everyone that was
subjecWriting Sample
Modesta Matos-Acosta
Elizabeth Bathory: The Countess of Cachtice
“Countess Elizabeth Bathory checked her reflection in the mirror as the young servant girl brushed the shining, jet black hair on which she prided herself. The tiniest lines were beginning to gather around her eyes and the Countess regarded them with alarm. The servant girl was annoying her too, with her clumsy brush-strokes. Scared that her mistress might fly into one of her rages, the girl nervously pulled the brush too hard through the long hair. The Countess screamed with rage. Turning on the cowering girl, eyes blazing, she lashed out, her long nails gouging a deep scratch in the maidservant’s hand. Enough blood was spilt to splash her own hand before she banished the girls from her presence with an angry tirade.
“But a few days later, the Countess noticed that this same patch of skin seemed to be looking particularly radiant. She felt a delicious thrill of excitement. Could she have discovered the secret of eternal youth?” This event is said to have inspired her downfall into an extreme murder spree and to have been a catalyst for her most depraved acts. This story is just one of the many myths about Countess Elizabeth Bathory, who lived in 17th century Hungary. These included hanging beautiful virgins upside down and slitting their throats, or “allowing the blood to drain off into a pool in which she bathed.” She is also accused of being a witch, a werewolf, and a lesbian.
Although none of these stories are likely to be true, the truth is even more shocking. Not only was able to kill 650 girls and escape detection for many years, but she also escaped a trial and an execution. How was she able to do this? Elizabeth Bathory’s immensely powerful political ties, the unstable political background in Hungary in the 17th century, and the legal situation allowed her to be able to murder more than 650 girls, remain undetected for more than 20 years, and still did not receive a trial or an execution.
There is substantial proof that she murdered many young women and got away with it for many years but how or why, is a mystery. Even more baffling than how Elizabeth covered her tracks is what would influence someone to do these gruesome murders with absolute disregard to human life. Elizabeth had extremely negative influences in her childhood that may have led her to believe that violence towards the peasantry was acceptable.
One such event was when Elizabeth was six years old. At Ecsed, the Bathory family castle, there were a group of gypsies hired to play music for a party. One of these gypsies was later accused of selling one of his children to the Turkish enemies; he denied this charge and explained that the Turks had stolen his daughter. Now being cleared of these charges, the guards had searched him and found bundles of cash in his pockets, which he couldn’t explain. The gypsy was judged guilty at castle Ecsed and sentenced to death. It seems as if they had already wanted to accuse the gypsy man of something just because of his ethnicity, and because the Count and Countess’s word will be taken over the gypsy’s about the truth. They, the Magyars which is the upper-class Hungarian race, could seemingly accuse someone of a lower class and a different race of whatever they felt like for any reason.
The gypsy’s sentence was carried out as follows: Three soldiers split open the abdomen of a horse; they shoved the gypsy inside with his head sticking out of the horse. Then they sowed the stomach of the dead horse back up. In Elizabeth’s diary she talks about how after her disgust at the smell of the dying man and horse she actually giggled at the incident Perhaps she had already been taught that peasants were less than human and had witnessed others of her class utilize severe violence towards the lower classes, which in this case was the gypsies. Another instance of Elizabeth’s family being extremely cruel towards the peasantry was with her cousin, Stephen the prince of Transylvania. When the peasants of Transylvania revolted, Stephen had the ears and noses cut off of 54 of them. Seeing this kind of behavior from one’s own family could definitely influence a child to believe that violence was commonplace.
After being engaged to Ferenc Nadasdy, Elizabeth had another experience that would influence her for the rest of her life. Elizabeth had moved into her future mother-in law, Ursula’s castle. There Elizabeth was impregnated by a peasant lover. Ursula quickly made arrangements for Elizabeth to be taken to a Bathory castle in the countryside to have her baby in secret. All the while Ursula told everyone that Elizabeth was sick. After giving birth to her daughter, Elizabeth was forced to give her up to a peasant family, who would raise her. This event must have caused Elizabeth serious embarrassment, if it didn’t completely derail her. The simple fact of having been impregnated by some of the peasant class, especially when she came from the most prominent family in Hungary must have been extremely embarrassing. Then having to give her daughter up for a peasant family to care for could also be linked to her hatred of the peasants.
It would be useful in order to understand Elizabeth’s treatment of peasants and how she escaped detection we must first understand the complete backdrop of Hungary; what kind of an era she lived in and what the laws were. Before Elizabeth Bathory was born in 1514, the peasants of Hungary were all obligated to join the military and fight against the Turkish forces. The government tried to disband the military right away, once they realized that they had put all of the serfs together in an army, and given these serfs weapons. One man, George Dozsa also realized the potential of this army, and led the army of peasants to revolt against the feudal lords. Dozsa’s peasant army was defeated by soldiers under the feudal lords in July.
After this peasant revolt, a new law called the Tripartitum was instated as a punishment for the peasants. It meant that peasants could no longer travel, as they were completely tied to the land they worked. This new law also meant that serfs were judged to be innocent or guilty of a crime based solely on the lord’s word. A peasant could leave in theory, but in practice they could be accused of any crime by the lord and forced to pay for this “crime” with work.
Not only did the laws of Hungary work in Elizabeth’s favor, but so did the Political atmosphere. The political station of Hungary in the 17th century was extremely shaky. After the Hungarians are defeated by the Turks at the Battle of Mohacs, Hungary is split into three different areas: Southern Hungary, Western Hungary, and Transylvania. Southern Hungary is under the “allegiance of the Sultan of Constantinople,” which implies that it is occupied by the Turks. Western Hungary is under a puppet government to the Holy Roman Empire. Northern Hungary or Transylvania remains somewhat independent of the Hapsburgs or the Turks.
Hungary is the closest European nation to the Turkish Empire and constantly under threat from them. There were many raids from Turkish invaders and war with the Turks never resided while Elizabeth was alive. The brutal war with the Turks also meant that violence and torture were fairly commonplace. It also meant that people live in constant fear of attack and this strengthens the powers of those protecting the city. This includes the Countess Bathory who would have had direct power and responsibility for the villagers in the nearby towns. The Countess herself had control over the area surrounding her castle at Cachtice.
With this kind of extreme social power that nobles held and the instability of Hungary at this time, it is less surprising that Elizabeth Bathory was able to commit murder without being caught. Elizabeth was a member of the Bathory family, which was the wealthiest and most powerful family in Hungary. The Lord Palatine of Hungary, which is “the highest legal authority in Hungary”, was her cousin by marriage, George Thurzo. Elizabeth’s most powerful cousin, Stephen Bathory, was king of Poland, and later became Prince of Transylvania. These close familial ties to powerful leaders is what allowed Elizabeth’s murder sprees to go unpunished for so long.
Although the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II may have heard of Elizabeth’s crimes from the complaints made by the peasants of Cachtice to his officials, he probably wouldn’t have wanted to make an enemy of the ruling Prince of Transylvania. Arresting Elizabeth certainly
Much of Elizabeth’s torturing is completely influenced by her lovers. Elizabeth’s torture of her peasants didn’t begin until after Elizabeth and Ferenc Nadasdy married. Ferenc had earned the nickname of “the black night of Hungary” for his viciousness towards the Turks. He was well-known in the military for the skilled torturing techniques he used on captured Turkish soldiers. Ferenc spent many afternoons teaching his wife, Elizabeth, new techniques he had learned.
One technique he showed Elizabeth was called “star kicking.” A maid was forced to undress and honey was rubbed all over her. Then she was forced to stay outside for a day, while the bugs and the bees stung her. Often times, the maid would pass out from the pain, which was seen as a mysterious “falling sickness” to Elizabeth and her accomplices. In order to cure the “falling sickness”, the star kicking technique was employed. One of Elizabeth’s accomplices would put a piece of fire-lit paper between the toes of the passed out maid. The girl would “see stars, and kick”
When her husband was away at war, Elizabeth took out her boredom on her servants. She was especially harsh towards servants that tried to escape. For example, Pola, a 12-year old servant had escaped from the castle. Dorka, and Helena Jo, two of Elizabeth’s main accomplices, found Pola and brought her back to the castle. Elizabeth went into one of her extreme rages. She grabbed Pola and threw her into a cage that was hauled by a pulley, which Elizabeth had had constructed for this purpose. The cage had spikes on the inside, which Pola tried to avoid, but Ficzko maneuvered the ropes to make the cage move from side to side and “Pola’s flesh was torn to bits.”
After her husband died, Elizabeth found a new lover in Anna Darvulia, who was a well-known sadist and dabbled in the dark arts. Many of Elizabeth’s other accomplices feared Darvulia because they believed that she was the catalyst for Elizabeth’s killing sprees and because Elizabeth took orders from her. Anna Darvulia had also taught Elizabeth many new torturing techniques. One of these is called the cold-water technique. This is where a maid was told to undress and then forced outdoors in the winter. Cold water was poured over the maid from above. Everyone that was subjected to this “technique” died.
After Anna Darvulia died, Elizabeth found a new lover in Ezri Majorova, who was the widow of a tenant farmer. Although Darvulia had advised Elizabeth to only kill peasant girls, Majorova though it was a good idea to also murder girls of the nobility. Bringing noble women to her castle was more difficult and she had to entice them by throwing a party and killing them would not go unnoticed.
Elizabeth’s murder of noble girls bred rumors and eventually all of those tortures and mass killings that Elizabeth and her entourage committed became public knowledge. Although long before Elizabeth’s trial, the peasants of the city of Cachtice had a general idea of what was going on at the castle, they had no power to do anything about it. They lodged a formal complaint about the cruelty of Ferenc Nadasdy and his wife toward their servants to the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph’s officials. However, they were ignored because they saw the death of Slovak peasants as a small price to pay politically compared with openly denouncing a member of the Bathory clan. Besides, Elizabeth’s cousin Stephen was King of Poland and the Holy Roman Emperor wanted peace with Poland, and Elizabeth’s other cousin George Thurzo was Lord Palatine of Hungary. This is the position directly below the Holy Roman Emperor and it’s possible that Thurzo made sure these complaints never reached the Emperor.
Besides the peasantry, the clergy also denounce Elizabeth openly. The pastor, Janos Ponikenusz, the local priest at Cachtice also had heard of Elizabeth’s crimes from the local peasants. Janos decided to investigate it for himself and finds nine bodies of girls, who were obviously tortured in the land between his church and the castle. The pastor writes a letter to his superior Elias Lanyi saying “Oh such terrible deeds, oh such unheard of cruelties: To my mind there has not existed a worse killer under the sun.” However, Pastor Ponikenusz’s letter never reaches anyone, because Elizabeth’s accomplices stop him from sending the letter and send him back to the church. The Pastor and his church are fully dependent on Elizabeth for the money she donates to their church.
It isn’t until two noblewomen whose daughters had been killed and Imre Megyery file a complaint to the new Holy Roman Emperor, King Matthias’s officials that anything is done about Elizabeth’s crimes. Imre Megyery is Paul Nadasdy’s (Elizabeth’s son) tutor. Imre isn’t a peasant; he is a member of the lower noble class, in fact he is distantly related to the Bathorys. After Megyery hears about the murders going on at Cachtice castle, and rallies the Hungarian nobles, the Hungarian Parliament is summoned to hear their testimony against Elizabeth. Everyone was outraged that along with torturing and killing peasants, Elizabeth had also tortured and killed girls of noble birth. After this the Lord Palatine, George Thurzo, was forced to take action.
Although it isn’t surprising that Elizabeth was sentenced to life imprisonment, it is surprising that Elizabeth wasn’t put on trial for her crimes. Instead George Thurzo himself decided to sentence her himself without the Holy Roman Emperor’s knowledge. He sentences her at dinner with their family in front of other high officials in the family and says “You, Elizabeth, are like a wild animal; you are in the last months of your life. You do not deserve to breathe the air on earth, nor see the light of the Lord. You shall disappear from this world and shall never reappear in it again. The shadows will envelop you and you will find time to repent your bestial life. I condemn you, Lady of Cachtice, to lifelong imprisonment in your own castle.”
ted to this “technique” died.[16]
After Anna Darvulia died, Elizabeth found a new lover in Ezri
Majorova, who was the widow of a tenant farmer.
Although Darvulia had advised Elizabeth to only kill peasant girls,
Majorova though it was a good idea to also murder girls of the nobility.[17] Bringing noble women to her castle was more
difficult and she had to entice them by throwing a party and killing them would
not go unnoticed.[18]
Elizabeth’s murder of noble girls bred rumors and eventually all of
those tortures and mass killings that Elizabeth and her entourage committed
became public knowledge. Although long
before Elizabeth’s trial, the peasants of the city of Cachtice had a general
idea of what was going on at the castle, they had no power to do anything about
it. They lodged a formal complaint about
the cruelty of Ferenc Nadasdy and his wife toward their servants to the Holy
Roman Emperor Rudolph’s officials. [19]
However, they were ignored because they saw the death of Slovak peasants as a
small price to pay politically compared with openly denouncing a member of the
Bathory clan. Besides, Elizabeth’s
cousin Stephen was King of Poland and the Holy Roman Emperor wanted peace with
Poland, and Elizabeth’s other cousin George Thurzo was Lord Palatine of
Hungary. This is the position directly
below the Holy Roman Emperor and it’s possible that Thurzo made sure these complaints
never reached the Emperor.
Besides the peasantry, the clergy also denounce Elizabeth openly. The
pastor, Janos Ponikenusz, the local priest at Cachtice also had heard of
Elizabeth’s crimes from the local peasants. Janos decided to investigate it for
himself and finds nine bodies of girls, who were obviously tortured in the land
between his church and the castle. The
pastor writes a letter to his superior Elias Lanyi saying “Oh such terrible
deeds, oh such unheard of cruelties: To my mind there has not existed a worse
killer under the sun.” [20]However,
Pastor Ponikenusz’s letter never reaches anyone, because Elizabeth’s
accomplices stop him from sending the letter and send him back to the
church. The Pastor and his church are
fully dependent on Elizabeth for the money she donates to their church.
It isn’t until two noblewomen whose daughters had been killed and
Imre Megyery file a complaint to the new Holy Roman Emperor, King Matthias’s
officials that anything is done about Elizabeth’s crimes. [21]
Imre Megyery is Paul Nadasdy’s (Elizabeth’s son) tutor. Imre isn’t a peasant; he is a member of the
lower noble class, in fact he is distantly related to the Bathorys. After Megyery hears about the murders going
on at Cachtice castle, and rallies the Hungarian nobles, the Hungarian
Parliament is summoned to hear their testimony against Elizabeth. Everyone was outraged that along with
torturing and killing peasants, Elizabeth had also tortured and killed girls of
noble birth.[22] After this the Lord Palatine, George Thurzo,
was forced to take action.
Although it isn’t surprising that Elizabeth was sentenced to life
imprisonment, it is surprising that Elizabeth wasn’t put on trial for her
crimes. Instead George Thurzo himself
decided to sentence her himself without the Holy Roman Emperor’s knowledge.[23] He sentences her at dinner with their family
in front of other high officials in the family and says “You, Elizabeth, are
like a wild animal; you are in the last months of your life. You do not deserve to breathe the air on
earth, nor see the light of the Lord.
You shall disappear from this world and shall never reappear in it
again. The shadows will envelop you and
you will find time to repent your bestial life.
I condemn you, Lady of Cachtice, to lifelong imprisonment in your own
castle.”[24]
[1]
Bad Girls: The Most Powerful, Shocking, Amazing, Thrilling & Dangerous
Women of All Time. New York: Metro Books, 2008. P.72
[2] Irish Times (Dublin), September 18, 2007.
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/selectdb?vid=1&hid=13&sid=040c6195-f90a-43b7-bcc3-530300c1ed6f%40sessionmgr4
(accessed November 20, 2009).
[3] Dracula Was a Woman: In Search of the Blood Countess of
Transylvania.. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987. P.20
[4]
Ibid p.21
[5] Countess Dracula:
Life and Times of Elisabeth Bathory, the Blood Countess. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 1997. p.21
[6]
Dracula Was a Woman: In Search of the Blood Countess of Transylvania..
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987. p.29
[7]
Countess Dracula: Life and Times of Elisabeth Bathory, the Blood Countess.
London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 1997 p. 20-21
[8]
Ibid p. 21
[9]
Ibid p.21
[10]
Dracula Was a Woman: In Search of the Blood Countess of
Transylvania.. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987
p.17
[11]
Ibid 23-24
[12]
Ibid 19-20
[13] Irish Times (Dublin), September 18, 2007.
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/selectdb?vid=1&hid=13&sid=040c6195-f90a-43b7-bcc3-530300c1ed6f%40sessionmgr4
(accessed November 20, 2009).
[14]
Trial Document, found in Dracula Was a Woman: In Search of the
Blood Countess of Transylvania.. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1987 p. 207
[15]
Ibid p.47
[16]
Ibid p.47
[17]
Ibid p.48
[18]
Ibid p.49
[19] Countess Dracula:
Life and Times of Elisabeth Bathory, the Blood Countess. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 1997. P. 25
[20] Dracula Was a Woman: In Search of the
Blood Countess of Transylvania.. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1987p.57
[21]
Letter from Holy Roman Emperor Matthias to Lord Palatine George Thurzo, found
in Countess Dracula: Life and Times of Elisabeth Bathory, the
Blood Countess. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc,
1997 p.172
[22]
Dracula Was a Woman: In Search of the Blood Countess of
Transylvania.. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987pp.67
[23]
Letter from Holy Roman Emperor Matthias to Lord Palatine George Thurzo found in
Countess Dracula: Life and Times of Elisabeth Bathory, the
Blood Countess. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc,
1997 p.172
[24]
Dracula Was a Woman: In Search of the Blood Countess of
Transylvania.. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987p.84
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